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Kommyɛ su pɔtee bi wɔ hɔ a ebia woate nka pɛn. Nhyiamu a wɔabɔ ɔhaw ankasa bi din na obiara mmua. Kuo nkrataadie a nhyehyɛeɛ bɔne bi rekɔ sɛ wɔbɛpene so. Ekuo a onipa baako ada adi sɛ ɔremem na obiara tumi hunu. Adeɛ a ɛhia sɛ wɔyɛ no da adi. Deɛ ɛnni hɔ ne obi a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ obi a ɔyɛ no.
Yɛn mu dodoɔ no ara abɛ saa kommyɛ no afanu nyinaa so pɛn. Yɛatwɛn sɛ obi foforɔ bɛkasa, na yɛayɛ obi a ɔde awieeɛ kasaeɛ. Saa asɛm yi fa deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no ho. Ɛnyɛ akokoɔdurusɛm, ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛyɛ daa, deɛ ɛtaa ho yɛ den, a ɛyɛ sɛ wobɛpue akɔhyɛ baabi a ɛda mpan mu bere a wonni dibea biara a ɛka sɛ wɔama wo kwan.
Sɛ woasiane wʼanan wɔ saa bere no mu na akyiri yi woabɔ wo ho akutia a, na wonyɛ ɔbɔneni. Na wobɛhyiaa biribi a ɛkyɛ na wɔasua ho pii wɔ nipa nneyɛeɛ mu. Ɛboa sɛ wobɛhunu ne din.
Adɛn nti na dan no yɛ dinn
Wɔ mfeɛ 1960 mu no, nadwene ho akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ baanu, Bibb Latané ne John Darley, hyɛɛ aseɛ bisaa asɛm bi a ɛyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw nanso ɛnyɛ saa: bere a biribi yɛ bɔne wɔ ekuo bi anim no, hwan na ankasa ɔyɛ biribi?
Deɛ wɔhunuiɛ no yɛɛ obiara nwanwa, a wɔn nso ka ho. Mmori a nnipa dɔɔso wɔ hɔ no, ne sɛ wɔn mu biara renyɛ biribi. Wɔn nhwehwɛmu baako mu no, wɔn a wɔde wɔn dii dwuma no tee deɛ wɔgye dii sɛ ɛyɛ obi a ɔrebɔ apirɛw. Bere a onipa dwenee sɛ ɔno nko ara na ɔtumi te no, dodoɔ no ara kɔhwehwɛɛ mmoa, na ntɛm. Bere a wogye dii sɛ nnipa pii a wɔahyɛ dan no mu rete asɛm korɔ no ara no, kakraa bi na wɔyɛɛ biribi, na wɔn a wɔyɛeɛ no de bere tenten yɛeɛ.
Nhwehwɛmufoɔ frɛ yei ɔhwɛfoɔ nkɛntɛnso, na ɛno ase mfiri no wɔ din a ɛsɛ sɛ wode di akɔneaba: asɛyɛdeɛ a wɔkyekyɛ. Bere a wɔkyekyɛ asɛyɛdeɛ ma nnipadɔm no, ɛyɛ ketewa ma onipa biara, kɔsi sɛ obiara komm bɛsusu sɛ obi foforɔ na ɔbɛdi ho dwuma. Obiara nyɛ ɔbɔneni. Obiara retwɛn kɛkɛ. Twɛn no ankasa bɛyɛ ɔhaw no.
Nkɛntɛnso no fa a ɛtɔ so mmienu no yɛ nnipa kɛse koraa. Yɛhwɛ yɛn ho hyia sɛ yɛbɛhunu sɛdeɛ yɛbɛyɛ biribi. Sɛ obiara da so yɛ komm na ɔda hɔ dinn a, yɛkenkan saa kommyɛ no sɛ nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ sɛ biribi nyɛ bɔne, anaasɛ sɛ yɛyɛ biribi a, ɛbɛyɛ nwanwa. Enti yɛtwentwɛn yɛn anammɔn ase. Na yɛn twentwɛn no bɛyɛ onipa a ɔdi yɛn akyi no nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ sɛ ɔno nso ɔntwentwɛn ne nan ase. Dan mu nnipa nyinaa bɛtumi ama wɔn ho akɔ mu sɛ wɔnyɛ hwee a obiara nkaa asɛm baako koraa.
Yei nyɛ deɛ ɛfa amanehunu nko ara ho. Ɛyɛ nhyiamu a wɔnka gyinaeɛsie a ɛyɛ mfomsoɔ bi ho asɛm. Adwumadie a obiara hunu ne mpaapaemu na obiara nkyerɛ. Adwumayɛni foforɔ a ɔrebrɛ bere a adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔwɔ osuahunu dii mmienya rehwɛ baabi foforɔ, na obiara susu sɛ obi a ɔbɛn tebea no bɛhwɛ no.
Deɛ ankasa bɔbubu akyekyere no
Ei ne ɔfa a ɛsɛ sɛ ɛsesa sɛdeɛ wohwɛ wo ho wɔ saa mmerɛ no mu. Wɔ nhwehwɛmu korɔ no ara mu no, abosɔm no bubu mmɔ a onipa baako yɛ biribi pɛ. Sɛ onipa baako pɛ pue nʼanim a, kyekye no gu, na afoforɔ taa di akyi ntɛm. Adeɛ a ɛyɛ den na mfasoɔ wɔ so sene biara ne sɛ wobɛyɛ deɛ ɔdi kan.
Saa anammɔn a ɛdi kan no yɛ akanniyɛ, mpo bere a obiara remfrɛ no saa. Akanniyɛ wɔ deɛ ɛho hia sene biara mu no, ne dibea anaa wʼafa wɔ adwumakuo nhwɛsoɔ so nni biribiara yɛ. Ɛyɛ nneyɛeɛ. Ɛyɛ obiara a ɔsi gyinaeɛ, wɔ bere a asɛyɛdeɛ ayɛ kusu no mu, sɛ ɔbɛboaboa ano aka sɛ: Mɛfa eyi.
Harvard Business Review aka yei pefee, sɛ ɛho nhia sɛ woyɛ ɔhene ansa na woayɛ ɔkannifoɔ, na sɛ nnipa a wɔfa ahopepeɛ wɔ nneɛma a ɛnyɛ wɔn ankasa wɔn asɛyɛdeɛ pɔtee so no taa nyini kɛse, na wɔnya gyidie pii, sene wɔn a wɔtwɛn sɛ wɔbɛka akyerɛ wɔn. Adwumakuo nhwɛsoɔ no taa di akyi akyiri. Nkɔntɔmɛ no di kan ba, na ɛfiri sɛ wɔbɔ onipa a ɔyɛ biribi bere a dan no asɛn no.
Yei mu biara nhwehwɛ sɛ wobɛyɛ deɛ ne nne yɛ den anaa deɛ wadi mfeɛ kɛse. Mpɛn pii ɛyɛ komm sene saa. Asɛmmisa a emu da hɔ. Adɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Kasamu a ɛbɔ adeɛ a obiara aretwe ne ho afiri ho no din.
Akontaabuo a ɛyɛ komm a ɛfa kan a wɔkɔ no ho
Ɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɔ nokware fa deɛ ɛho hia sɛ wopue wʼakyi wɔ saa bere no mu ho, ɛfiri sɛ ɔbɔɔ no yɛ nokware na sɛ wobɔ ne din a, ɛboa.
Kan a wɔkɔ no kyerɛ sɛ wode deɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ frɛ no nnipa ntam asiane no agye, asiane ketewa a ɛwɔ asɛtena mu sɛ wɔbɛkɔ wo nkwasea, ɔbɔyɛfoɔ, anaa onipa a ne nsɛm nteɛ wɔ nnipa anim. Harvard ɔbɔnimdefoɔ Amy Edmondson de nʼadwuma fa pii sii so suaeɛ. Deɛ ɔhunuiɛ, wɔ ayaresabea ne nnwumakuo ne akuo ahodoɔ nyinaa mu, ne sɛ nnipa yɛ dinn ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔnhu ɔhaw no na mmom ɛfiri sɛ kasa a wɔbɛkasa no nyɛ sɛ banbɔ wɔ mu. Wɔbɛtumi de mfomsoɔ no abɔ wɔn so. Asɛmmisa no bɛtumi ate sɛ nkwasea. Wɔbɛtumi apam adɔ a wɔde bɛma no agu.
Bere a ekuo bi te nka sɛ wɔwɔ ahobammɔ a ɛdɔɔso sɛ wɔbɛfa saa asiane nketenkete no, Edmondson frɛ no adwene mu ahobammɔ, na akuo a ɛwɔ no hunu nsɛnnennen ntɛm, sua ntɛm, na wɔyɛ mfomsoɔ a wɔbɛtumi asi ho kwan kakraa bi. Bere a wɔnnya bi no, nsɛnnennen no nkɔ. Wɔnyɛ kasa ho asɛm kɛkɛ, deɛ ɛyɛ bɔne kɛse.
Wontumi mfa wʼankasa wo ahobammɔ no nyinaa mma wo ekuo mu nyinaa. Nanso wobɛtumi ayɛ ho nhwɛsoɔ. Bere biara a wobɛbisa asɛmmisa a ɛda adi, woaka sɛ wonni awerɛhɔ, anaa woma mmoa a wɔmmisaeɛ no, woma ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛteɛ kɛkɛ ma onipa a ɔdi hɔ no sɛ ɔnyɛ saa ara. Nne a ɛyɛ nokware a ɛdi kan no ma obiara kwan. Saa kwanma no yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ ayɔmyɛ sene biara a wobɛtumi de ama ekuo bi, na deɛ ɛyɛ wo ka ne ɔbrɛ a wɔbrɛ wɔ kan a wɔkɔ no ho nko ara.
Anansesɛm a woka kyerɛ wo ho wɔ twɛn no mu
Ɛkwan da hɔ wɔ deɛ wohunu sɛ biribi hia sɛ wɔyɛ ne deɛ ankasa wopue wʼakyi ntam, na nneɛma pii sii wɔ saa ɔkwan no mu. Ɛtaa yɛ simma kakraa bi pɛ, na ɛhɔ na kan a wɔkɔ dodoɔ no ara kɔ wu.
Wɔ saa simma no mu no, wʼadwene hwehwɛ nteɛ a wode bɛtena ase, na nteɛ no yɛ deɛ ntease wɔ mu. Obi foforɔ fata kɛse. Ɛnyɛ me dibea ankasa. Ebia merekenkan no fɔɔ. Wɔbɛsusu sɛ merepɛ sɛ mefa biribiara di so. Sɛ metɔn kakra a, ampa obi a ɔbɛn yei bɛka biribi. Adwene biara yɛ kwanma ketewa sɛ wɔnyɛ hwee, na sɛ wɔbɔ ano a, ɛyɛ sɛ nyansa. Ɛyɛ sɛ kyekye no na ɛrekasa.
Nyansa a mfasoɔ wɔ so no ne sɛ wobɛhunu twɛn no bere a ɛrekɔ so na woafa no sɛ nsɛm sene sɛ ɔbɔ wo kwan. Bere a wote saa siane no nka no, ɛtaa kyerɛ sɛ woahunu biribi a ɛfata sɛ wɔdi ho dwuma dada. Asɛnnipɛɛ no nyɛ nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ sɛ gyae. Ɛyɛ nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ sɛ wugyina baabi a obiara nso rehwɛ. Sɛ wobɔ no din kɔrɔ wo ho a, ɛboa: kommyɛ no ni, na me ni a meretwɛn obi foforɔ, sɛ wɔn ara. Saa nimdeɛ ketewa no ɛtaa yɛ deɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔkasa ansa na wʼadwene atumi atɔ wo.
Ɛsɛ boa nso sɛ wobɛbɔ deɛ ɛho hia no ase wɔ wʼankasa wo tirim. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wʼasɛm yɛ nokware. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsiesie no. Deɛ ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ara ne sɛ wɔyɛ obi a ɔmpɛ sɛ kommyɛ no bɛtena ase. Asɛmmisa di mu. Adɔ di mu. "Ebia mefom, nanso…" di mu, na ɛtaa yɛ kasamu a ɛyɛ akokɔdurusɛm a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu fɔɔ.
Sɛdeɛ wobɛyɛ onipa a ɔdi kan
Yei nyɛ sɛ wɔbɛto obiara so anaa wɔbɛsi wo ho panin. Ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so to ɔkwammɔɔ bi a wo hu na afoforɔ retwa ho hyia mu. Nneɛma kakra a ɛboa ankasa.
- Bɔ deɛ wohunu no din, kɔ soro a wɔnbɔ obiara soboɔ. Akyekye dɔɔso bubu denam kasamu pɛ a ɛyɛ pefee. "Ɛyɛ sɛ yɛn nyinaa rehwɛ kwan sɛ obi foforɔ na ɔwɔ yei mu." "Metumi aka deɛ medwene sɛ yɛnka yɛn ho ho?" Wonni obiara soboɔ. Woreyɛ deɛ obiara renka no a wɔtumi ka, deɛ ɛtaa yɛ deɛ dan a asɛn no hia.
- Fa ɔfa ketewa bi a ɛyɛ pɔtee, ɛnyɛ bepɔ no nyinaa. Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsiesie biribiara ansa na woabubu kyekye no. Fa biribi pɔtee baako a wobɛyɛ ma. "Mɛkyerɛw nsɛm a ɛdi kan kosi Yawɔdwɔ." "Mɛhwɛ no akyiri yi." Pɔtee ne ketewa na ɛdane adwene yɛ kɔmɔ, na ɛto nsa frɛ afoforɔ sɛ wɔmfa ɔfa a ɛdi soɔ.
- Fa asɛmmisa di kan bere a wonyɛ ɔbenfo. Sɛ wopue wʼakyi nyɛ sɛ wɔyɛ sɛ wɔwɔ mmuaeɛ. Ɛtɔ da bi a, anammɔn a ɛyɛ den sene biara ne sɛ wɔbɛbisa asɛmmisa a obiara renbisa. Atɛntɛie a ɛda nsɔ ho hia sene biara ankasa bere a ɛnyɛ wo na wonim asɛm no yie.
- Tena ase tim, mpo bere a ɛyɛ den. Bere a nneɛma yɛ den no, nnipa hwɛ obi a ɔwɔ abodwo. Berɛ wo nne ase, mma so. Gyinaberɛ a wɔde wo ho to so no yɛ akanniyɛ ɔkwan bi, na ɛma wʼasɛm tɔ baabi yie sene sɛ wɔbɔ ho ntɛm.
- Hwɛ deɛ enti a woreyɛ. Nsɔnsɔnoɛ wɔ sɛ wopue wʼakyi ɛfiri sɛ biribi hia sɛ wɔyɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛhunu wo sɛ woreyɛ ntam. Nnipa tumi te saa nsɔnsɔnoɛ no. Kɔ mu nokwarem bɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛboa, na fa no sɛ afoforɔ nso saa ara. Ɛma adeɛ no nyinaa yɛ kɔronkɔron.
Hwɛ deɛ ɛnni saa nhɔmɛɛ no so. Wonhia kwanma, dibea, anaa gyidie sɛ wɔteɛ. Wuhia sɛ wɔ ho bɔhia wo a ɛbɛma woayɛ biribi, ne sɛ wɔbɛpene so sɛ wo ho bɛmɔ wo kakra simma kakra bere a woreyɛ.
Adesoa a ɛwɔ mu, ne baabi a ɔhye no wɔ
Sɛ wopue wʼakyi wɔ ne fa a ɛyɛ sum mu, na ɛyɛ pɔpɔɔpɔ sɛ wɔbɔ ho din.
Sɛ wɔbɛyɛ onipa a daa ɔhyɛ ɔkwammɔɔ no ma a, wɔbɛtumi awie de ekuo no nyinaa asɔa komm. Ahopepeɛ yɛ ayɔmyɛ kɔsi sɛ ɛbɔdane obi a ɔyɛ biribiara bere a obiara nso da so retwɛn. Nsiesie no nyɛ sɛ wɔbɛgyae sɛ wɔbɛpue wɔ akyi. Ɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɛpue wɔ akyi ɔkwan a ɛtwe afoforɔ ba mu sene sɛ ɛbɛma wɔn ho atɔɔ. Bɔ ɔkwammɔɔ no din, fa wʼafa, na afei fa ɔfa a ɛdi soɔ no ma denam din so. "Manya nsɛm a ɛdi kan no. Wɔbɛtumi afa nhwɛ no?" Woredi anim. Wonregye agu wo so.
Na ɔhye a ɛyɛ den a ɛsɛ sɛ wonim wɔ hɔ. Tebea bi kɛse sene asɛmmisa a ɛwɔ nhyiamu mu anaa adɔ a wode boa dwumadie bi. Sɛ wohu biribi a ɛkyerɛ ɔhaw ankasa, obi a ɔwɔ asiane mu, ayɔkɔɔ, onipa a ɛyɛ sɛ ɔwɔ ɔhaw kɛse mu a, sɛ wopue wʼakyi nkyerɛ sɛ wɔ nko ara wɔdi ho dwuma anaa wɔyɛ ɔkɔɔtɔ. Ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔma mmoa a ɛfata duru hɔ. Ɛno bɛtumi ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛka akyerɛ onipa baako a ɔbɛtumi ayɛ biribi ankasa, ɔbɔ wɔn a ɛyɛ wɔn adwuma frɛ, anaa wɔ ne obi tena kɔsi sɛ mmoa bɛba. Sɛ wɔkɔ kan, wɔ saa mmerɛ no mu, ɛtaa kyerɛ sɛ wɔmpɛ sɛ obi foforɔ afrɛ dada.
Saa ara nso na ɔbrɛ a ɛda wo so no teɛ. Sɛ wɔyɛ obi a ɔtim, obi a ɔyɛ biribi, obi a afoforɔ twɛri no so, yɛ adwuma ankasa, na ɛbɛtumi ama woate bɔnkɛ bere tenten mu, mpo sɛ woreyɛ no baabiara prɛko na obiara nyɛ mma wo. Sɛ wohu sɛ daa wo na woresɔa dan no na ɛyɛ mmɔɔ a wɔresɔa wo a, ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ ho. Tim a wɔnsɔ no hwee da no sa. Sɛ wɔ ne obi a wode wo ho to ne so bɔdi ho nkɔmɔ, anaa ɔbenfo sɛ emu yɛ den a, ɛnyɛ ahoɔden mu paeɛ. Ɛno na ɛma ahoɔdenfo no kɔ so wɔ ahoɔden mu.
Nanso mpɛn pii, yei sua na ɛyɛ mmerɛw sene yeinom biara. Ɛyɛ onipa baako, wɔ bere baako a ɛyɛ daa, a ɔsi gyinaeɛ sɛ ɔrentwɛn obi foforɔ. Dan no yɛ dinn. Obiara rehwɛ ho hyia. Na wohu sɛ obi a wɔn nyinaa retwɛn no wɔ kwan sɛ ɛyɛ wo.
Nsɛnneɛ a wɔnyaeɛ
- Psychology Today, Bystander Effect
- Simply Psychology, Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility
- Harvard Business Publishing, Leading When You're Not "the Boss"
- Harvard Business Review, You Don't Need to Be "the Boss" to Be a Leader